Building sensor network for monitoring environmental conditions

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for sensing water device run time, transmitting this data via a network to a database which analyzes, records and reports the individual run times and the aggregate use over any given timeframe. Sensors used to measure device use time do not directly measure flow rate, and may sense device run time by sensing water flow, through electronic signals, vibration, etc. The sensors may be battery powered and transmit discrete data packets via radio frequency to powered node units. A system of node units communicates with a central internet gateway which uploads the data packets to a cloud-based database which organizes, analyzes, stores and reports the information. The system allocates the cost of water flowing through a common water meter to a plurality of individual units within a collection of geographically proximate units. The systems are useful in multi-unit buildings or complexes having stacked plumbing.

RELATED APPLICATION INFORMATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/166,166, filed on May 26, 2016, which claims priority fromprovisional application No. 62/166,520 filed on May 26, 2015, which areincorporated by reference in their entireties.

NOTICE OF COPYRIGHTS AND TRADE DRESS

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialwhich is subject to copyright protection. This patent document may showand/or describe matter which is or may become trade dress of the owner.The copyright and trade dress owner has no objection to the facsimilereproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure as it appears in thePatent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwisereserves all copyright and trade dress rights whatsoever.

BACKGROUND

Since the advent of standardized units of measurement, fluids, inclusiveof water, have been measured in pints, quarts, gallons, liters, etc. Atthe distribution level, water has typically been measured in cubic feet,100 ft.³ and acre foot designations. Most water purveyors bill by 100ft.³ increments. Consequently, most multifamily apartment complexes,hotels, timeshare resorts, student housing complexes, hospitals,military bases, and other multi-office/unit commercial buildings (akamulti-unit properties) receive their bill in 100 ft³ increments with arate per 100 ft.³ applied to the total water delivered. To encouragewater conservation, purveyors have adopted the practice of tiering thewater usage so that as total water usage progresses into each tier, theprice is increased per 100 ft.³ delivered.

Leaky toilets are the #1 cause of indoor water loss in residentialbuildings. A leaking toilet with a stuck-open flapper will lose up to5,000 gallons a day, which equates to an average cost of about $90/day.More than 20% of all toilets leak, and each can waste up to 200 gallonsa day. Multi-unit property companies are particularly affected by waterleakage, and always strive to reduce costs, and thus improve operatingincome, while simultaneously conserving water one of earth's mostprecious resources.

Consequently, identifying and correcting water leaks is a huge priorityfor multi-unit property owners. Cost-effective solutions that identifyand control unseen wasted clean water while saving multi-unit propertycompanies thousands each month in utility costs are needed.

Further, due to increasing water conservation initiatives and mandatesacross the U.S., are becoming the norm. And finding ways and methods todecrease the amount of water used by each person or building, that canbe accomplished without, significantly, requiring residents, guests,office workers, owners, or patients changing their day to day usagepatterns, behaviors and interactions with water devices (such astoilets), or other water fixtures.

SUMMARY

The present application provides solutions for identifying andcorrecting two types of water leaks and resulting water loss and earlywarning of water intrusion events in buildings, in particularlarge-scale multi-unit properties. The two types of sensor/solutionsare 1. Toilet Leak/Toilet Malfunction Sensor (passive and activeversions) and 2. Water Intrusion/Flood Detection Sensor(s). Disclosedare systems with a sensor mesh network monitoring the most likelysources of water leaks and water intrusion events from plumbinginfrastructure failures, including water heaters, air conditioningunits, and any environment which uses water. Flood sensors are placed inlocations especially prone to leaks, including toilets, plumbing andappliances, and also in locations where water leaks are most likely tobe detected. Toilet Sensors are installed on each toilet or otherunit/location and coded to the specific unit number via a mobile installapplication. Mesh Network Repeaters are plugged in throughout theproperty to create a wireless mesh network. Devices are connected to asingle internet gateway installed on the property. Data are fed into asoftware application and analyzed, and management is notified of leakytoilets or other leaks in real-time.

The water intrusion/flood and toilet sensors both seamlessly connect tothe mesh network with an easy plug-n-play set-up that requires nowiring—just scan a serial number and add location to the database.Preferably, an audible alarm sounds and/or notification via text, email,or other means is transmitted once water has been detected for a certainperiod such as 10 seconds. Each sensor is designed for long inexpensivecoin-cell battery life, with low maintenance, ultra-low electrical powerconsumption, and high reliability.

Once a mesh network is installed for any initial sensor type, propertycompanies can layer a wide range of additional sensors as developed forincreased management efficiency. For instance, additional sensorsinclude light meters for protecting valuable museum artwork, or carbonmonoxide, smoke, and occupancy monitors for saving lives, or dooropen/closed sensors for security.

Systems and methods for sensing water device run time, transmitting thisdata via a network to a database which can analyze, record and reportthe individual run times and the aggregate use time over any giventimeframe. Sensors used to measure device use time do not directlymeasure flow rate, and may sense device run time by sensing water flow,through electronic signals, vibration, or other ways. The sensors may bebattery powered and transmit discrete data packets via radio frequencyto powered node units. A system of node units communicates with acentral internet gateway which uploads the data packets to a cloud-baseddatabase which organizes, analyzes, stores and reports the information.The system allocates the cost of water flowing through a common watermeter to a plurality of individual units within a collection ofgeographically proximate units. The systems are useful in multi-unitbuildings or complexes having stacked plumbing.

The systems described herein enable apportionment of a single water billdetermined by a single water meter provided by a water purveyor. Thebill, being comprised of charges based upon standard volumetricmeasurements i.e. cubic feet, is apportioned amongst multiple usersbased upon their individual water run time use signatures and/or numberof iterations of water use as determined by sensors placed on applicablewater use appliances. The data generated by the sensors is reportedthrough a network comprised of hardware components enabled by embeddedsoftware code with, which is then uploaded into an Internet cloud-baseddatabase that organizes, analyzes, stores, and reports the data for thepurpose of making the apportionment.

The particular software and processors utilized may vary, but for thesake of accessibility and flexibility the programs are preferably storedon a cloud server such as Amazon cloud computing platform, a branch ofAmazon Web Services. The language used may also vary, some exemplarylanguages being Python, C++ and Java. In addition, predictive andautonomous decisions may be facilitated through the use of artificialintelligence (AI) programs integrated within the computing service orprogram. For instance, patterns of water flow over periods of time maybe predicted and adjusted using AI.

An exemplary method for allocating the cost of water from an overallsupply of water provided to a plurality of individual users of thewater, includes sensing run times from a plurality of different type ofwater use devices registered to the individual users without sensingactual water flow magnitudes through the water use devices. Dataincluding the run times, corresponding type of water use device andregistered user is transmitted through a network of hardware componentsenabled by embedded software code. The data is uploaded into an Internetcloud-based database which has the functionality of organizing,analyzing, storing and reporting the data. A proportion of water use iscalculated by analyzing the data for each individual user, and aproportional cost of water from the overall supply is allocated to eachindividual user.

Another method disclosed herein allocates the cost of water flowingthrough a single water meter to a plurality of individual units within acollection of geographically proximate units. A network of sensors isprovided, each associated with a water use device, there being differenttypes of water use devices, and the sensor being adapted to record andstore information on device run times, the corresponding type of wateruse device and the corresponding individual unit in which the water usedevice resides. The method transmits the information from the network ofsensors to an Internet cloud-based database which has the functionalityof organizing, analyzing, storing and reporting the information. Themethod then calculates a proportion of water use by analyzing theinformation for each individual unit, and allocates a proportional costof water to each individual unit in the building.

In an exemplary system, the following components are preferably used:

-   -   A sensor attached to or in proximity of a primary water use        appliance which can record each iteration and/or the time of        water run time use and transmit that data packet via radio        frequency.    -   A unit node acting as a radio repeater connected to a continuous        power source which can capture the sensor data packets and        forward them to an Internet gateway device providing        connectivity to an Internet cloud-based database.    -   A Gateway device that provides continuous two-way Internet        connectivity.    -   Software, resident and embedded in the processors of the        hardware components of the apparatus which creates the radio        frequency data transmission network.    -   The network software also has the ability to: ensure accurate        data transmittal, report malfunctioning hardware, bypass        malfunctioning hardware by reassigning data transmission to        functioning components, and be able to deliver program updates        to all hardware components and construct and transmit compact        data packets to ensure that battery driven sensors maintain a        battery life of a minimum of three years.    -   A database application, resident in the Internet cloud that can        accept, process, analyze and record the data generated by the        sensors and transmitted by the network software via the unit        node/repeaters and the Internet Gateway device and make that        data available for the construction of various reports and        active notifications.    -   Algorithms contained in the database application which can        analyze for specific water use events which indicate a        malfunctioning water use appliance and report that malfunction        to the owner of the apparatus via email and/or telephonic text        message.

One preferred system for allocating the cost of water from an overallsupply of water provided to a plurality of individual users of thewater, each individual user having at least one water use device,comprises a plurality of sensors each associated with a single water usedevice. Each sensor creates data packets that include informationregarding a duration the associated device runs, a type of theassociated device, and the identity of the corresponding user, and atime stamp, and transmits the data packets via radio frequency. A unitnode connected to a power source located to receive the data packetstransmitted from the sensors forwards the sensor data packets to anInternet gateway device. The Internet gateway device is adapted totransmit the sensor data packets to an Internet cloud-based databasemanager which has the functionality of organizing, analyzing, storingand reporting the information. The database manager determines if theduration of device run is more than a standard duration for a similarwater use device and transmitting a device malfunction signal as aconsequence, and also generates a report to show the proportion of wateruse for each individual user. The sensors are associated withcorresponding water use devices by sensing the duration of water flowthrough the device, by sensing the duration of time the device operates,or by sensing when the device operates.

Preferably, at least some of the water use devices are toilets and theassociated sensors connect to water inlets for the toilets, wherein thesensor includes a sensing element that senses water flowing through thewater inlet. The software may determine if any sensed duration of waterflow exceeds an expected amount for one flush, or exhibits a pattern ofwater flow over a certain period of time which the AI determines as amalfunction (i.e. leaky flapper) and transmits a toilet malfunctionsignal as a consequence. The toilet malfunction signal is preferablysent via an email or text alert to a system manager. More generally, thesoftware may determine if any sensed duration of water flow exceeds anexpected amount for each water use device and transmits a malfunctionsignal as a consequence. The system may further include a sensor tomonitor overall usage of water flowing through the single water meterand transmitting the information to the internet-based database manager,wherein the software also compares different time periods of overallusage to detect abnormal overall usage, and wherein the software alsocompares any abnormal overall usage events with the time stamp fromindividual data packets to identify a particular water use device leak.

The system of claim 11, wherein the software also communicates theproportional volume of water usage and/or cost of water to eachindividual user for a particular billing period along with informationon tiered pricing of the water and a reminder of incentives for reducingwater consumption.

Using the exemplary systems and processes, water users are charged basedupon their use of water as determined by the comparable water run timesignatures and iterations of use of their fellow, similarly situatedusers. Similarly situated users can be defined as occupants in amulti-occupant building doing basically the same thing and havingsimilar water use needs. The data gathered and transmitted by the systemis used to create a usage list of all similar tenants and occupiedunits, i.e. two people occupying a one-bedroom, one bath unit, showingthe total time and iterations that said tenants used each water useappliance over a given billing period. The data contained in the listcan be used to create ratios allowing the total water bill for theproperty to be apportioned to each tenant based upon their respectivetotal water run time and/or iterations of use of each recorded primarywater use appliance. The prime example of the use of this method wouldbe to apportion a master water bill amongst the tenants of multipleoccupant buildings primarily multifamily housing though inclusive ofmulti-occupant commercial, industrial and retail buildings.

Being able to apportion the water bill amongst similarly situatedmultiple users should provide the same effect as installing physicalsubmeters wherein once the multiple occupants are responsible for theirfair share of the water use, they conserve water. In a single meterbuilding, this conservation of water lowers the water bill therebyincreasing the net operating income for the investment property owner.Various efforts incentivizing water savings and vice a versa can beimplemented with the understanding that the allocation of water use forindividual users or units is very accurate.

The hardware and software components required to make up the physicalsystem are typically identified as sensor mesh systems. The sensor meshsystems disclosed herein are designed to apportion water use based uponthe water run time signatures and iterations of water use appliances.

Importantly, by comparing current data with historical data from thesame water use appliance or similar water use appliances our system candetermine if there is a malfunction in the water use appliance causingit to waste water. By the timely correction of the malfunction waterfixture or device (such as a toilet) can be conserved and the water billwill not be increased by wasted water. Again, lowering the water billincreases the net operating income of the investment property owner.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an environment for an apparatus formeasuring water flow.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a computing device.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram for an apparatus for measuring water flow.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a process performed by an apparatus formeasuring water flow.

FIGS. 5A-5C are schematic diagrams of several exemplary drywall sensorsmounted in walls and suitable for integration in a mesh of sensors.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an active sensor that may beincorporated into a network of sensors described herein.

Throughout this description, elements appearing in figures are assignedthree-digit reference designators, where the most significant digit isthe figure number where the element is introduced, and the two leastsignificant digits are specific to the element. An element that is notdescribed in conjunction with a figure may be presumed to have the samecharacteristics and function as a previously-described element havingthe same reference designator.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Volume vs Time

Described herein is a system that is designed to be used in multi-unitproperties which may include rental apartments or condominiums.Typically, multifamily complexes have been constructed with what iscalled “stacked plumbing” wherein the individual apartment units shareprimary water piping. As such, water usage to each unit cannot bemetered because there is not a unique water entry point for each unit.Consequently, a standard practice in these complexes has been to includethe cost of water within the rent payment. Because the tenants never seethe cost of water allocated by their individual use, they have nofinancial incentive to conserve water nor do they have any usage datapoints, such as provided by the volume of water used and its cost asshown in an individual water bill, to measure their own usage.

However, as the cost of water has risen in price, it has supported thecreation of a system by certain service provider companies who providesub-metered utility billing to the multifamily industry. These serviceproviders read meters and create tenant bills based upon informationprovided by submeters which are installed in individual apartment unitsfor gas, electricity and, for those complexes in which water submeterscan be installed. To address those complexes where water submeterscannot be installed, a water cost allocation program can be used called“Ratio Utility Billing,” or RUBs.

RUBs is used to allocate the total water bill amongst all the tenantsbased upon metrics designed to differentiate one apartment unit fromanother. However, because water usage is not being metered, the onlyknown metrics are the square footage of the apartment, the number ofbathrooms, the presence of clothes washers and/or dishwashers and thenumber of authorized occupants of the unit. A simple example is that ifa complex consisted of 100, one bedroom, one bath units all having aclothes washer and a dishwasher, occupied by two people, then each unitwould be billed 1% of the complex's monthly water bill, allocated toindoor water usage, excluding that allocated to exterior landscaping.

While RUB s billing effectively can recapture the total cost of thewater used for the complex, it does not fairly allocate water usage byindividual unit. This is because the water use practices of the tenantscan vary greatly. All tenants believe that other tenants are doubtlesslyusing more water than they are using. Statistically, only 50% of thosetenants are correct. Because of human nature, most tenants believe thatthey are paying more than their fair share. The tenants then are notincentivized in any way to conserve water and in fact take the attitudethat they are “going to get their money's worth” and total water usagecan actually increase for the complex.

Because of the ever-increasing rise in water rates in most areas and theimposition of mandated conservation measures in many areas, apartmentowners have increasingly taken to constructing new complexes withindividual water meters and installing submeters in those complexes thatcan be physically retrofitted. Statistics show when complexes that areretrofitted with water meters that provide the objective data point ofindividual water use to the tenant, along with the financial incentiveof paying for the water that they actually use, that the water usagegoes down in these complexes anywhere from 20% to 39%.

The challenge then becomes how to provide water use data to the tenantsof the 25,000,000+ units that cannot be physically sub-metered. It is toanswer this challenge that the solutions in the present application havebeen developed.

Description of Apparatus

The apparatus described herein involves the installation of sensordevices on the primary water use appliances or devices in an apartmentunit. These include, but are not limited to: the toilet, the shower, theclothes washer and dishwasher. These four water uses will typicallyaccount for in excess of 80%+ of all of the indoor water use within acomplex. The term “water use device” as used herein refers to allprimary sources of water use. In a residence, for example, the toilet,shower, clothes washer and dishwasher account for most of the water use,but other devices such as sinks, patio hoses, and the like may beincluded. For commercial uses the term “water use device” may refer tothe same plus appliances like ice makers, soda machines, etc.

It should also be understood that the sensor devices (“sensors”), comein a variety of forms none of which directly measure water flow rate.The use of water flow meters to measure flow rate through pipes anddevices is of course known, but their use sometimes involves tedious andexpensive regulatory approvals. In contrast, the sensors describedherein measure various parameters whose functionality is not regulatedin such a stringent manner.

The sensors described herein are “associated with” a single water usedevice. The term “associated with” is intended to encompass various waysof attaching or incorporating the sensors into the particular devicesuch that they measure device run time. For example, a preferred toiletleak sensor described below includes a plumbing fitting which isdirectly installed in series with the water inlet. The sensor actuallycomes in contact with the water flow, even though it does not measureflow rate. Instead, the sensor communicates when the water startsflowing and when it stops so as to be able to transmit when and for howlong a toilet runs. Alternatively, another type of sensor might sensedevice run time electronically, such as an on/off sensor installed atthe time of manufacture or retrofit into a device such as a clotheswasher or dishwasher. In that case, the on/off sensor is “associatedwith” the water use device, even though it does not come into directcontact with the water flowing through device. Another type of sensormay be mounted to the device to sense vibrations during running of thedevice. Another type of sensor might be mounted so as to detect soundsemanating from the device when it is running. It will thus be clear tothose of skill in the art that various types of sensors may beassociated with various types of devices, all of which are capable ofreporting on/off events and/or run times.

Finally, as will be explained below, the various types of devices thatcan be monitored have different water use profiles. A shower running for10 minutes may use more water than a dishwasher during any one 10-minuteperiod within its run cycle. The present application anticipates suchdifferences in calculating the total water used.

One important aspect of the present application is a toilet leak sensor,which is a key component in the water conservation system formultifamily communities. The EPA and the American Water WorksAssociation completed a major study of indoor water use and determinedthat 12% of all indoor water use is wasted by being lost down leakingand malfunctioning toilet flapper valves. Consequently, the ability toidentify and alert multifamily property managers to defective flappervalves or flapper valves that have become stuck open should reduceindoor water use on average by that same 12% on a continuing basis.However, our test installations quickly revealed that up to 40% offlapper valves may be defective even in well-maintained buildings. Assuch, any given apartment building may have a significantly higherbaseline of water waste due to flapper valve issues than the 12%average.

The toilet leak sensor consists of an injected molded, 3.6 inch plumbingfitting. The interior of the fitting contains a magnet which movesanytime water is flowing into the toilet tank. The water supply valve isturned off, the water supply line to the tank is disconnected from thetank fill valve, the fitting is screwed onto the tank fill valve, thewater supply line is attached to the fitting and the water supply valveis turned on. Inside the structure on the fitting is a coin batteryoperated sensor board which contains a reed switch, a processor and aradio transmitter. The sensor board has its own unique serial numberwhich is used to identify in which apartment unit that particular sensorhas been installed. The coin battery lasts several years beforereplacement is required.

Any time the water level in the toilet tank drops due to a flush, slowleakage from the flapper valve or from a stuck open flapper valve, thetoilet tank fill valve runs to refill the tank. The water flow throughthe Toilet Leak Sensor moves the magnet inside the fitting which closesthe reed switch. The processor records the amount of time that the reedswitch is closed and then transmits this information via the radiotransmitter to the network software which is embedded in UnitNode/repeaters, sensors and gateways installed as part of the system.The sensor mesh network sends this data to the database management andreporting application. This information is both stored for reportingpurposes but in the case of a stuck open flapper a text alert can besent to property management so that the problem can be immediatelycorrected as a stuck open flapper can waste as much as 120 to 150gallons of water per hour.

Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram of anenvironment 100 for an apparatus for measuring water run time. Theenvironment 100 includes a first location 110, a network 150, and asecond location 160. The first location 110 may comprise an apartmentbuilding. In the first location 110, there may be a toilet 120, and anelectrical outlet 130. The second location 160 may comprise a computingdevice 170. The computing device may be operated by a user, not shown.The environment 100 may be implemented using distributed computing andinterconnected by a network 150. The computing device 170 is shown as acomputer. However, the computing device can include any similar devicesthat may be connected to the first location 110. The computing device170 is described below with reference to FIG. 2.

The computing device 170 is used by users who desire to view variousinformation regarding the apparatus that is measuring the water runtime. In addition, users use the computing device 170 to monitor thesystem. The “user” is the person or entity interacting with the systemto review the status of the apparatus measuring the water run time, andalso monitoring the status of the various sensors connected to thevarious water appliances.

The system includes a sensor mesh. A sensor mesh is created byphysically installing a network of sensors and radio signal repeaterswhich report to a gateway with a connection to the Internet Cloud. Inthe Cloud the sensor generated data can be stored and manipulated in adatabase. The physical components of the sensor mesh are controlled by asoftware network application which operates within a defined radiofrequency to manage the radio traffic of the data packets being sent bythe sensors and the repeaters.

A Sensor Mesh is created through a combination of hardware componentsconsisting of sensors, repeaters and a device that connects to theInternet. This hardware is made functional by a radio networktransmitting and receiving software application that gathers the sensordata and feeds it through the Internet to a database that processes,stores and manages the data generated by the sensors. Traditionally,high density sensor mesh technology has been used in environments suchas manufacturing where various types of sensors are installed on theproduction equipment to provide continuous feedback on the functionalityof the processes involved in the production cycle. Many of the sensorsare small and located in areas which require them to bebattery-operated. Battery life is generally not a concern because of theavailability of ongoing maintenance for both the equipment and thesensors. The biggest drain on a small battery powering a sensor is thecurrent expenditure required for the actual radio transmittals of thedata being generated by the sensor. Existing off-the-shelf sensornetwork applications have been designed to work with multiple types ofdata which requires that they have a large, overhead file structureregardless of the actual size of the data packets which they carry.Transmitting these large file structures causes a relatively rapiddischarge of the battery.

The challenge of establishing a sensor mesh in a multifamily building isthat, unlike a factory floor, the tenants' apartment units are theirhomes and it would be inappropriate to interrupt their lives through theneed to replace sensor batteries every few months. Consequently, aspecially designed sensor mesh is used in this system. The sensor meshin this system has been specifically designed to eliminate extraneousfile structures to transport the specific data packets generated by oursensors. This allows an extended sensor battery life to several years.Because of the potential density of smart home sensors in a multifamilyenvironment, the sensor mesh is designed to also be able to map out thetransmission path of each sensor data packet back to our InternetGateway where the data can be uploaded into our cloud-based databasemanager. Because our Unit Node/repeaters can hear multiple sensors frommultiple apartments, many iterations of the same data packet can bepicked up by the sensor mesh hardware. The sensor mesh is able todiscard all replicas of the same data packet so that only one iterationof the data packet reaches the Internet Gateway. This is criticalbecause it would be extremely difficult to construct a database to sortmultiple, replicated data packets. Because of the limited accessibilityof sensor mesh hardware installed in the multifamily environment, sensormesh can communicate bi-directionally so that we can automaticallydownload every update of the sensor mesh software. This gives ourcustomers the satisfaction of knowing that their sensor mesh is alwaysoperating with the most current version of the sensor mesh.

These sensor devices that are attached to a primary water use appliance,such as a toilet, report via the system's proprietary radio network to aUnit Node/repeater. The Unit Node/repeaters are about 2″×3″ and may plugdirectly into an electrical outlet allowing 110 Volts. For example, aUnit Node/repeaters 132 may be plugged directly into electrical outlet130 as seen in FIG. 1.

Because the Unit Node/repeaters are plugged into the electrical system,it is possible to use the most powerful, miniature transmitters toensure that all data events are transmitted to the Gateway. The boardcontains a powerful radio transceiver, a processor and memory. Thesensor mesh network software is installed on each Unit Node/repeaterboard. Each board has its own exclusive serial number which is used tomap the sensor mesh network and determine which Unit Node/repeater isinstalled in each apartment unit. As with the sensors attached to theprimary water use appliances, the board can also receive informationback from the computing device 170 which allows a user to continuouslyupgrade the capabilities of the SI-Mesh network by downloading allenhancements automatically.

The purpose of the Unit Node/repeater is to create the physical sensormesh within a multifamily complex. Unit Node/repeaters are installed inthe complex, minimally in every other apartment unit to a continuouspower source. The Unit Node/repeaters pick up the radio transmissionsfrom the various sensors in the apartment units. A Unit Node/repeater ina particular apartment unit is not limited to hearing just the sensorswithin that apartment unit; it can hear sensors next door, above andbelow and many within a range of as much as 300 feet. The network maysort through these multiple receptions and ensure that only one reportof a specific sensor data event reaches the gateway where it istransmitted to a cloud-based database application. Once the UnitNode/repeaters are installed, the building or complex has been virtuallywired, with wireless transmission capability.

The network allows the Unit Node/repeaters to act as repeaters ofsignals from other Unit Node/repeaters so that no matter how far away aparticular apartment unit is from the Gateway, the data from thatapartment reaches the Gateway. Like every sensor, each UnitNode/repeater reports into the system periodically so that if a UnitNode is removed or malfunctions, the property manager can be notified ofthat fact. Should a Unit Node/repeater go off-line for any reason, thenetwork automatically “heals” the sensor mesh network by reassigning anysensors reporting to that Unit Node/repeater to other nearby UnitNode/repeaters so that no sensor event data is lost.

It is important to note that the Unit Node/repeaters have beenspecifically designed to receive and transmit data not only from thesensors attached to the primary water use appliances, but also for alltypes of environmental reporting and security. These sensors can monitorsuch environmental activity as fire and smoke detection, carbon monoxidedetection, moisture sensors for indoor flooding events and securitysensors attached to doors and windows to report unauthorized entryevents. Once the sensor mesh is established in the building, othergeneral building sensors can be installed such as mainline watermonitoring for catastrophic leak detection, fire and smoke detection incommon areas such as laundry rooms, carports, and security sensors forprivate building areas.

These Unit Node/repeaters also act as signal repeaters which transmitthis data, via the proprietary radio network, to an Internet gatewaydevice which feeds the data into the system's cloud-based databasemanagement system. This data is then organized into a dynamic reportingsystem which aggregates the water run time use of each device within theapartment unit and creates a comparative list of the proportional waterrun time use by each similarly defined unit within a complex. This datais arranged by apartment unit and complex and made available toapartment owners for review and import into existing tenant billing andproperty management systems. However, algorithms embedded in thedatabase software can recognize both leaking and stuck open toiletflapper valves and will proactively notify management and maintenance sothe problem can be fixed in a timely manner.

The system also includes a gateway. The gateway purpose is simple. Thegateway runs the sensor mesh network software, and it gathers the sensorgenerated data sent by the Unit Node/repeaters and uploads it into acloud-based, database manager. It may be physically connected to theInternet via a standard Ethernet cable plugged into an Internetconnected router. Alternatively, it may be connected to the Internetthrough a Wi-Fi connection.

The Gateway is small and may be able to fit into the palm of a person'shand. Typically, it is only about 3″×4″ and about three quarters of aninch high. The faceplate contains a standard connector for a cat 5 cableand the electrical connector for the transformer which plugs into any110-power source, preferably protected by a surge protector. The cat 5cable makes the connection to an Internet router. This router might beresident in the apartment manager's apartment, or a dedicated Internetconnection can be made available in the building's utility room or evenin an attic crawlspace. Typically, only one Gateway is required percomplex as a single Gateway can manage the traffic from several hundredUnit Node/repeaters reporting several thousand sensors.

The Gateway contains a special board to convert the sensor generateddata into Internet protocol. To do this, the Gateway undertakes two-waycommunications with the Unit Node/repeaters by sending a message to aUnit Node/repeater when it has received a unique data packet ofinformation. The redundancy built into SI-Mesh allows each data packetgenerated by a sensor to be sent multiple times to make sure that thedata packet gets through to the database. Obviously, to cut down on datapacket traffic, it is important to be able to acknowledge receipt of thedata packet so that the Unit Node/repeaters can cease sending anyadditional copies of that data packet. The Gateway also contains apowerful radio transceiver communications board. The Gateway also canreceive automatic software updates for itself and also transmits thoseupdates to the Unit Node/repeaters which send the software updates tothe various sensors located in the apartment units.

The uniqueness of this apparatus is that it does not seek to measurewater consumption by standard units of measurement such as gallons orcubic feet. What it does is measure the time that each water applianceis using water and the iterations of water use by that appliance. Theassumption is that similar water use appliances will use similar volumesof water over an equivalent time of usage so that by measuring thatwater run time, unique tenant water usage profiles can be created.

As mentioned above, the present application senses water use device runor operation times, and translates that information into a proportionalwater use for individual users or units. For example, the most commonwater use devices in a residence are the toilet, shower, the clotheswasher and the dishwasher. Each of these devices has unique water useprofiles. For example, a toilet has a relatively constant water use perflush, and thus the duration of water use is not as important as thenumber of times that water is used (i.e., number of flushes). Likewise,a dishwasher has various cycles, not all of which require water flow,and thus may use less water than even a shower which runs for much lesstime. Consequently, standard or expected water use profiles for thevarious devices are known, and the number of times each device runs(iterations) and the duration of the run provides the system withinformation which can be translated into a predicted water usage. Ofcourse, as mentioned elsewhere, the duration of time that each deviceruns can be compared against an expected duration to sense malfunctions;in particular for toilets which are not expected to fill for more than20 seconds or so.

The primary benefit of the systems described herein is apportioning theamount of water use between individual units in a multi-unit building orcomplex. In addition, the system preferably includes a robustmalfunction detection capability to help identify leaks and send instantalerts to water managers. As stated above, time signatures that captureboth iterations and duration of use are desirably combined with a timestamp that memorializes when during a 24-hour period the time signaturewas created. By monitoring of the time signatures for abnormalities, thewater manager can detect when a leak is present. Knowledge of the timeof day when the abnormality occurs can be utilized to identify where theleak is. That is, if the system detects a continually running toiletstarting at 2 AM in the morning, the data can be scanned to determinewho operated a toilet at 2 AM in the morning.

The computing device 170 may include software and/or hardware forproviding functionality and features described herein. A client systemmay therefore include one or more of: logic arrays, memories, analogcircuits, digital circuits, software, firmware, and processors such asmicroprocessors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs)and programmable logic arrays (PLAs). The hardware and firmwarecomponents of the client systems 110, 120 and 130 may include variousspecialized units, circuits, software and interfaces for providing thefunctionality and features described here. The processes, functionalityand features may be embodied in whole or in part in software whichoperates on a client computer and may be in the form of firmware, anapplication program, an applet (e.g., a Java applet), a browser plug-in,a COM object, a dynamic linked library (DLL), a script, one or moresubroutines, or an operating system component or service. The hardwareand software and their functions may be distributed such that somecomponents are performed by a client computer and others by otherdevices.

The network 150 may be or include a local area network, a wide areanetwork, wireless networks and the Internet. The network 150interconnects the Unit Node/repeater connected to the electrical outlet130 in the first location 120 to the second location 160. The network150 enables communication of data between the various interconnectedelements.

Turning now to FIG. 2, there is shown a block diagram of a computingdevice 200, which is representative of the computing device 170, as seenin FIG. 1. The computing device 200 may include software and/or hardwarefor providing functionality and features described herein. The computingdevice 200 may therefore include one or more of: logic arrays, memories,analog circuits, digital circuits, software, firmware and processors.The hardware and firmware components of the computing device 200 mayinclude various specialized units, circuits, software and interfaces forproviding the functionality and features described herein.

The computing device 200 has a processor 212 coupled to a memory 214,storage 218, a network interface 216 and an I/O interface 220. Theprocessor 212 may be or include one or more microprocessors, fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs) and programmablelogic arrays (PLAs).

The memory 214 may be or include RAM, ROM, DRAM, SRAM and MRAM, and mayinclude firmware, such as static data or fixed instructions, BIOS,system functions, configuration data, and other routines used during theoperation of the computing device 200 and processor 212. The memory 214also provides a storage area for data and instructions associated withapplications and data handled by the processor 212.

The storage 218 provides non-volatile, bulk or long-term storage of dataor instructions in the computing device 200. The storage 218 may takethe form of a magnetic or solid-state disk, tape, CD, DVD, or otherreasonably high capacity addressable or serial storage medium. Multiplestorage devices may be provided or available to the computing device200. Some of these storage devices may be external to the computingdevice 200, such as network storage or cloud-based storage. As usedherein, the term storage medium corresponds to the storage 218 and doesnot include transitory media such as signals or waveforms. In somecases, such as those involving solid state memory devices, the memory214 and storage 218 may be a single device.

The network interface 216 includes an interface to a network such asnetwork 150 (FIG. 1).

The I/O interface 220 interfaces the processor 212 to peripherals (notshown) such as displays, keyboards and USB devices.

By example, simply counting the number of toilet flushes generated bytwo similar units, it can be determined which unit is occupied a greaterpercentage of the time. Consequently, a one bedroom, one bath unitoccupied by a retired couple who are in residence most of the timeshould generate more flushes than the adjacent one bedroom, one bathunit occupied by a working couple who spend most of the day at theirworkplaces.

Even this one additional objective data point can make a standard RUBs(“Ratio Utility Billing”) billing system more equitable. Adding theobjective data points from the number of minutes of shower usage,dishwasher usage and clothes washer usage adds further refinement to theRUBs system. More importantly, giving tenants information on theircomparative use of the shower, dishwasher and clothes washer allows themto see how their personal water usage compares to that of their fellowtenants. This can then give them the type of objective data, similar tothat provided by a submetered water bill, on which they can act tomodify their water use habits to actually reduce their usage resultingin water conservation.

Because the water use appliances in a given multifamily complex willtend to be standardized and homogenous, it becomes unnecessary tomeasure the actual volume of water use to get a reasonably faircomparison of water usage by the tenants.

Once this comparative list of water usage is created, a more precise andequitable allocation of the total water bill can be generated for ratioutility billing purposes. Further, even if the apartment owner does notwant to allocate the total water bill, the owner can impose a tieredfinancial incentive system based upon which percentile tier a particularunit might achieve. With a tiered financial incentive system, those inthe higher tiers are incentivized to move down to less expensive tierswhile those in the less expensive tiers are incentivized not to move upinto a higher cost tier. This should result in an overall reduction inwater usage thereby achieving the goal of not only lowering the cost ofindoor water to the complex owner but also to the greater good ofactually conserving water use.

These systems and methods disclosed herein are especially useful forcrafting effective incentive and disincentive regimes. For one thing,the relatively objective measurement of water usage provides confidencein the data. The users can be provided with highly specific usageinformation over a period of time so that they can intelligentlydetermine how best to reduce usage. The present application contemplatesan overall plan for a particular multi-unit dwelling that willultimately reduce water usage. The specific data for each unit and forindividual water use devices are provided to the individual ratepayersfor any one billing cycle along with a tiered system of incentives anddisincentives. Over time, if one or the other fails to induce a changein water use behavior, the incentives and disincentives may be modified.

The system includes three hardware components; the sensor units, theUnit Node/repeaters and the Internet gateway.

Exemplary toilet sensor units 122 as seen in FIG. 1 are comprised of aproprietary design, injection molded fitting which is placed in thewater supply line 124 to the toilet 120. Each sensor has a unique serialnumber that is registered with the particular toilet. The fittingcontains a magnet which moves when water flows through the fitting. Thefitting also contains a proprietary sensor board of approximately 1″×1″in size which is powered by a self-contained coin battery. When themagnet reaches its limit of travel within the fitting, it activates areed switch on the board which initiates a time signature for as long asthe reed switch is closed by the magnet. As soon as the water flowceases, the magnet, via gravity, returns to its resting place whichdisengages the reed switch and completes the time signature for thatwater use event. An example of the custom designed fitting can be seenin FIG. 1.

The sensor board performs three primary functions. The first is tocreate a sensor time signature based on what is sensed along with a timestamp, the second is for the onboard processor to process this data andcreate a data packet which can then be sent via the third function whichis the transmittal of the data packet via a radio chip on the board.

Additional types of sensors will be added to the system which canmeasure the water run time signatures of the shower/bath, clothes washerand dishwasher. Accordingly, the term “time signature” refers to aparticular event initiated by operation of the water used device. Thetime signature includes information as to when the device operates andhow long it operates. That is, the time signature captures bothiterations and duration of use. As will be explained below, the timesignature is preferably combined with a time stamp that memorializeswhen during a 24-hour period the time signature was created.

The Unit Node/repeater contains a board approximately 2″×3″ in size.These Unit Node/repeater are either powered by plugging into a standard120 V outlet or they can be powered by being installed in the wallbehind an existing thermostat which has 24 V power supplied by the HVACunit. By being plugged into a continuous power supply, the radiotransmitters on the board can be significantly more powerful than thebattery-powered radio transmitters on the sensor boards.

The function of the Unit Node/repeater is primarily twofold; the firstis to collect and then amplify the data from the sensor boards so thatit can eventually reach the systems Internet gateway connection. Thesecond is to have resident within its processor the proprietary networksoftware that manages the flow of data packets from the sensor boards.

The Unit Node/repeater have the ability to hopscotch amongst themselvesto receive and then relay the sensor board data until it eventuallyreaches the Internet gateway connection.

The third proprietary piece of system hardware is the Internet gatewaywhich basically acts like a standard router to receive the data packetsfrom the sensor mesh network and transmit them up to the proprietarydatabase management cloud application.

All three hardware components are of proprietary design physically,electronically and in functionality by board resident firmware.

The system also includes software as part of the functionality for thesystem's hardware. The software includes functionality to control thefirmware, the operating system, and the management system.

The software for the firmware has been developed to control thefunctionality for the proprietary sensors, Unit Node/repeater andgateway boards. It is board resident and controls the data flow at theboard level between the sensor, the processor and the radio transceiver.

The sensor mesh network operating system, is the network data managementsystem which is resident on the Unit Node/repeater and gateway boards.The operating system maps and assigns sensor data packet pathwaysamongst the Unit Node/repeater mesh and the gateway so that only asingle iteration of a sensor's data transmittal reaches the gateway. Ithas been specifically developed to manage the data being transmitted viaradio frequency in such a way as to minimize draw on the sensor cointype batteries so that they can function without replacement for up to 3years.

The operating system also provides the communication foundation foradding many additional types of sensors. These can add data points to anindividual unit's water run time use profile. However, the operatingsystem can handle data transmittals from the many different types ofsensors used to create a smart home environment.

The cloud-based database management system includes all of the datagenerated by the sensors. This database consists of a user interfacethat allows the system's subscribers to create company and multifamilyhousing complex profiles which include the individual physical profileof each unit within the complex. Multiple sensor serial numbers can beassigned to each unit within the complex the components of hardware meshnetwork are installed. Creating the profiles of the complex and eachunit also creates the data tables into which the water run time use datais placed. Proprietary algorithms analyze the data as it is submitted todetermine aberrant water run time use patterns that might need immediateattention by the complex owner. The database has an alert system thatutilizes text and e-mail contact when aberrant water run time usepatterns are detected. The database also contains reporting features sothat subscribers may view their water run time use data both onscreenand export that data into printed report format. The database hasapplication interface capability so that the data can be exported instandard data formats to other applications such as utility billingapplications and property management systems.

Turning to FIG. 3, there is shown a block diagram for an apparatusmeasuring water run time. The system 300 comprises a server 340 and aclient 310, such as computing device 170 in FIG. 1.

The server 340 comprises an installation engine 341, a web server 342,and a database server 343.

The installation engine 341 comprises functionality to install therequired components of the system. For example, an installation enginewould first check to see if the sensors, the Unit Node/repeaters and thegateway were properly installed.

The server 340 may also comprise a web server 342 and a database server343. The server 340 is shown as a single server incorporating a databaseserver 343 and a web server 342. The server 340 may actually be a numberof interrelated servers and computing resources. In this way, thedatabase server 343 may be a stand-alone server separate and apart fromthe web server 342. The database server 343 and web server 342 may alsobe made up of a number of physical servers, each logically linked andoperating in concert. The server 340, however physically configured, isresponsible for accessing the database server 343 databases to therebyprovide the web server 342 with information to fill web pages served tothe client 310.

The client 310 comprises a user interface 311, a web browser 312, and anemail client 313. A user 330 interacts with the apparatus for measuringwater run time 300 via the user interface 311 on the client 310. Theclient 310 includes a web browser 312 and an email client 313. Theclient 310 incorporates a web browser 312 for accessing web pages servedby the web server 343. The client 310 also includes an email client 313for receipt of emails from the server 340 regarding alerts from thesystem regarding the water run time in the system.

Description of Processes

Referring now to FIG. 4, a flowchart of a process performed by anapparatus for measuring water flow is shown. The water run timeflowchart 400 has both a start 405 and an end 495, but the process iscyclical in nature.

At 410, the system components are installed. The first step in theprocess is to install the various components in the system, namely thesensor for the primary water use appliances, the Unite Node/repeater andthe gateway.

At 415, the system retrieves the sensor data. The sensor data is thedata that measures the water run time. For example, if the sensor isplaced on a toilet, the sensor may provide the number of flushes as partof the sensor data.

At 420, the system transmits the sensor data to the database. Here, thesystem transmits all of the water run time data, such as the number offlushes, how often the appliance is used, for how long, and similar datapoints.

At 430, the system determines if a water leak exists. Here, the systemperforms various algorithms to determine if water is running longer ormore often than normal. Again, in the example of a toilet, the sensorwill monitor the number of flushes occurring on the toilet. If thesystem notices that more water is flowing than is attributable to thenumber of flushes, then the system may send an alert to the user toinform him that there could be a leak.

At 435, the system reports the water run time status to the database.The system then displays on the user interface the amount of water runtime from the various water use appliances that were being monitored.

Drywall Sensors

FIGS. 5A-5C are schematic diagrams of several exemplary drywall sensorsmounted in walls and suitable for integration in a network of sensors asdescribed herein. FIG. 5A shows a sensor 500 having a sensor housing 502mounted to a wall 504 and having a pair of probes 506 embedded into thewall and terminating in a (typically) hidden wall space 508. The wall504 may be a variety of materials, such as drywall (also known asplasterboard, wallboard, sheet rock, gypsum board, buster board, custardboard, or gypsum panel), wood, metal, even synthetics. However, thetypical residential and multi-unit has drywall.

The sensor housing 502 mounts to the wall 504 using various means suchas drywall anchors, adhesive, mounting brackets, etc. The probes 506 aredesirably formed of stainless steel or other corrosion-resistance metalthat is also conductive, or the probes 506 may be a non-conductivematerial such as plastic but have conductive elements incorporatedtherein. In general, there are two conductive probes 506 which arespaced apart a small distance so as to be able to conduct a currenttherebetween beyond a threshold of moisture in the atmosphere within thewall space 508.

The sensor 500 incorporates therein a sensor master control unit (MCU)510, a crystal oscillator clock 512, and a radio board 514, which in theillustrated example has a broadcast frequency of 900 MHz The sensor 500is configured to detect water or moisture that has saturated the drywall504 and/or sense high humidity or water/moisture in the open wall space508. Excess water in the wall 504 bridges the conductive gap between theprobes 506 which activates the master control unit (MCU) 510. Thecrystal oscillator clock 512 generates electromagnet signals thatenables the master control unit (MCU) 510 to count relative time (notusing any clock or any method that requires the CPU to “know” time ofday, etc.). If the master control unit (MCU) 510 senses moisture forgreater than a predetermined time frame, from the number of signalsgenerated by the clock 512, a leak detection state is triggered. Themaster control unit (MCU) 510 may take a variety of actions once a leakis detected, but the simplest is to generate a leak signal via the radioboard 514, which is transmitted to a repeaters in the wireless meshnetwork described herein.

FIG. 5B shows an alternative sensor 520 which is substantially similarto the sensor 500 described above, but which is mounted to a wall 522which has a solid interior 524 of, for example, water-permeableinsulation. Probes 526, preferably of stiff metal such as stainlesssteel, are embedded directly into the wall interior 524. Once again,moisture in either the drywall exterior layer 522 or the wall interior524 bridges a conductive gap between the probes 524 which activates amaster control unit (MCU) 530 to generate a signal using a radio board532. Once again, the sensor 520 preferably has a crystal oscillatorclock 534 which permits the master control unit (MCU) 530 to keep trackof relative time.

Finally, FIG. 5C shows a sensor 540 having a sensor housing 542 mountedto a wall 544 and having a flexible probe 546 embedded into the wall andterminating in a (typically) hidden wall space 548. Again, the wall 544may be a variety of materials but is typically drywall.

The sensor 540 is configured and functions much like the sensorsdescribed above, with a probe 546 signaling a sensor master control unit(MCU) 550 which, in turn, prompts a radio board 552 to broadcast a leaksignal. A crystal oscillator clock 554 provides a measure of relativetime.

The flexible probe 546 is desirably a fully-integrated water/moisturepresent rope rather than a pair of stainless-steel probes, which may beuseful for constricted or otherwise tortuous wall spaces. Otherapplications for the sensor 540 and flexible probe 546 are under carpetsor installed against walls such as around corners to increaseeffectiveness and area coverage for detecting water presence. Waterdetecting ropes typically have two twisted metal conductor wires thatare insulated from one another and surrounded by a highly absorbent andconductive polyethylene mesh braid jacket. When water contacts the rope,the wires are put in electrical contact and the sensor probe 546 willimmediately send a signal to the master control unit (MCU) 550. Oneexample of a suitable sensor rope is the Wireless Water Rope Sensoravailable from Monnit Corp. of Salt Lake City, Utah

Active Sensor

The present application contemplates the use of a variety of sensorsthroughout a particular building or complex, in including so-called“active” sensors which respond to specific triggers to significantlyrestrict or halt water flow if an abnormal pattern of water flow isdetected. One ubiquitous example of such a sensor detects leaks at atoilet. In general, the “active” sensor will employ a valve or othershutoff mechanism, attached to the inflow/supply line of a toilet orother water fixture (i.e. shower head, faucet, hot water heater, etc.),after a leak event triggered by the system, to inhibit water flow to thefixture.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an active sensor 600 that may beincorporated into a network of sensors as described herein. The sensor600 comprises a unit or housing 602 connected in series within a watersupply line 604 between a manual shut off valve 606 and a toilet 608.Functional components of the active sensor 600 are indicatedschematically in FIG. 6, and include a water flow detector 620, anenergy harvesting tube 622, and an electric shut off valve 624, all ofwhich are placed in series and in contact with the water flow. The valve624 may be a ball valve or solenoid actuated, various ones of which areavailable, such as from US Solid of Cleveland, Ohio, and ElectricSolenoid Valves of Lane Islandia, N.Y. Electronic components include amicrocontroller 630, a rechargeable battery 632, a control unit 634 forthe electronic shut off valve 624, and a radio board 636. An optionalexternal DC power supply as shown may also be provided.

In a preferred embodiment, the energy harvesting turbine 622 rotateswhen water flows through the sensor 600, and generates a small amount ofelectricity which recharges the battery 632. The onboard turbine 622also measure water flow through “counting” the number of revolutions ofthe turbine, which is more accurate than other methods (such as countingtime). The data regarding the number of revolutions may be sent to thecloud system and database infrastructure real-time, or may be sent basedon a predetermined, maximum time of continuous flow, or may be sentbased on a predetermined maximum continuous revolutions (and therebydetermining the amount of water flow), or in some combination beforeactivating the valve or shutoff mechanism. An important feature of theactive sensor 600 design and usage of the turbine 622 is this dualfunctionality, where both water flow is measured and energy harvested toenable trickle charging of the onboard battery simultaneously. Exemplaryturbines 622 are the iMeter from MeterLogix of Eden Prairie, Minn. orthe GOSO F50-12V Water Turbine Generator available from various onlinesellers.

The sensor 600 works by detecting unusual water flows. The water flowdetector 620, which may be of a type as described above, is activatedupon water flow through the water supply line 604. In a preferredembodiment, a vibration detection device 640 is coupled to the toiletflush handle, and is also electrically via a thin wire or wirelesslycoupled to the microcontroller 630. The detection device 640 istypically mounted within the toilet tank adjacent the flush handle suchthat activation or motion of the flush handle generates a signal whichis communicated to the sensor 600. One exemplary sensor 640 is the HDX-2Vibration Sensor Switch for Arduino available from the online sellerGikfun of GuangDong, China.

This “passive” type of sensor does not require power as with someproximity sensors, and is thus more economical and simpler to install.In a typical scenario, a user flushes the toilet which is detected bythe vibration detection device 640 such that water flow through thewater supply line 604 is expected and does not trigger any alarms.

In contrast, if water flowing through the line 604 is sensed by thedetector 620, but there is no vibration detected at the toilet flushhandle (a “no flush” event), the microcontroller passes data to theCloud computing platform (aka AWS) 630 senses a potential leak.Depending on a predetermined algorithm, the microcontroller 630 maybroadcast a leaky toilet signal after one or more such “no flush”events. Sometimes the flush handle becomes stuck, in which case themicrocontroller 630 may be programmed to only send the leaky toiletsignal upon two or more of the “no flush” events. The active sensor isthus not dependent on time to determine when to close the valve. Ifthere is no leak detected, the water will not be shut off via the valve624. Only if a confirmed leak is detected does the microcontroller 630trigger the valve to close.

Further, the sensor 600 is “active” in that it automatically enablesresumption of water flow if/when a person approaches via motion orvibration detection or proximity sensing a point of use water fixture,or when a person uses the water fixture, or when a person interacts witha switch to enable water flow to begin. That is, following a leak eventthe point of use fixture and related water flow will remain inhibitedunless/until a certain conditions occurs.

For instance, when a user approaches or touches the point of use waterfixture, such action is detected by the sensor 600 or auxiliary device(e.g., proximity/motion or vibration sensor), and the sensor activatesthe valve or shutoff mechanism to allow water to flow once again. Oneexample in the case of a toilet is when the user attempts to use thetoilet (by either sitting down on the toilet seat or jiggling the flushhandle). The interaction will activate the valve or shutoff mechanism toallow water to flow once again, and will remain on allowing water flowuntil or unless another leak or malfunction event is identified by thesystem (in which case the shutoff mechanism will activate to shut offthe water.

Another scenario is the user or building maintenance person interactswith a smartphone app or a web site app to reactivate the water flowsuch that a guest or resident, etc. can use the toilet or other point ofuse water fixture again. Depending on the desired use experience, thesensor 600 and Cloud system can be programmed to allow the water to flowfor an undetermined period of time or can be programmed to disable theshutoff valve permanently or until changed by the Cloud systemsmartphone app or website by building maintenance management. It shouldbe noted that the ability to interact with the active sensor 600 asdescribed implies that the sensor can be controlled by bi-directionalcommunications with the smartphone app or website, and specifically thatthe sensor has the ability to respond to commands from the app orwebsite.

Once the user has finished using the water fixture and leaves theimmediate area, and after a pre-determined amount of time (determined byand programmed by the building management team), the active sensor 600will activate the valve or shutoff mechanism to restrict water flow tothe point of use water fixture until the next need to use the fixture.

The active sensor 600 also interacts with a mesh network as describedherein such that data from the sensor are stored then forwarded to aCloud database and system with AI to process and interpret the data,which enables identification of abnormal patterns of water use. Further,interaction with a mesh network such that the Cloud database and systemis aware of when the active sensor is on or off requires that the sensorhas enhanced programming and onboard memory which enables all of theaforementioned capabilities.

Closing Comments

Although the functionality of the water management system describedherein is preferably implemented using cloud computing services, theprocesses and apparatus may be implemented with any computing service ordevice. A computing service or device as used herein refers to anydevice with a processor, memory and a storage device, and an I/Ointerface, that may execute instructions. The processor may be orinclude one or more processes such as microprocessors, graphicprocessors, co-processors, digital signal processors, and otherprocessors, including, but not limited to, personal computers, servercomputers, computing tablets, set top boxes, video game systems,personal video recorders, telephones, personal digital assistants(PDAs), portable computers, and laptop computers. These computingdevices may run an operating system, including, for example, variationsof the Linux, Microsoft Windows, Symbian, and Apple Mac operatingsystems.

The memory may be or include RAM, ROM, DRAM, SRAM and MRAM, and mayinclude firmware, such as static data or fixed instructions, BIOS,system functions, configuration data, and other routines used during theoperation of the computing device and processor. The memory alsoprovides a storage area for data and instructions associated withapplications and data handled by the processor.

The storage may provide non-volatile, bulk or long-term storage of dataor instructions in the computing device. The storage may take the formof a disk, tape, CD, DVD, or other reasonably high capacity addressableor serial storage medium. In this document, the term “storage medium”means a physical device or object for storing data and does not includetransitory media such as signals or waveforms. Multiple storage devicesmay be provided or available to the computing device. Some of thesestorage devices may be external to the computing device, such as networkstorage or cloud-based storage.

The network interface may be configured to interface to a network suchas a local area network, a wide area network, and/or the Internet.

The I/O interface may be configured to interface the processor toperipherals (not shown) such as displays, keyboards and USB devices.

The computing service or device may include software, firmware, and/orhardware for providing functionality and features described herein. Thecomputing device may therefore include one or more of: logic arrays,memories, analog circuits, digital circuits, software, firmware, andprocessors such as microprocessors, field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmablelogic devices (PLDs) and programmable logic arrays (PLAs). The hardwareand firmware components of the client computing device may includevarious specialized units, circuits, software and interfaces forproviding the functionality and features described herein. Theprocesses, functionality and features may be embodied in whole or inpart in software which operates on a client computer and may be in theform of firmware, an application program, an applet (e.g., a Javaapplet), a browser plug-in, a COM object, a dynamic linked library(DLL), a script, one or more subroutines, or an operating systemcomponent or service. The hardware and software and their functions maybe distributed such that some components are performed by the processorand others by other devices.

Throughout this description, the embodiments and examples shown shouldbe considered as exemplars, rather than limitations on the apparatus andprocedures disclosed or claimed. Although many of the examples presentedherein involve specific combinations of method acts or system elements,it should be understood that those acts and those elements may becombined in other ways to accomplish the same objectives. With regard toflowcharts, additional and fewer steps may be taken, and the steps asshown may be combined or further refined to achieve the methodsdescribed herein. Acts, elements and features discussed only inconnection with one embodiment are not intended to be excluded from asimilar role in other embodiments.

As used herein, “plurality” means two or more. As used herein, a “set”of items may include one or more of such items. As used herein, whetherin the written description or the claims, the terms “comprising”,“including”, “carrying”, “having”, “containing”, “involving”, and thelike are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including butnot limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and“consisting essentially of”, respectively, are closed or semi-closedtransitional phrases with respect to claims. Use of ordinal terms suchas “first”, “second”, “third”, etc., in the claims to modify a claimelement does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order ofone claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of amethod are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish oneclaim element having a certain name from another element having a samename (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claimelements. As used herein, “and/or” means that the listed items arealternatives, but the alternatives also include any combination of thelisted items.

It is claimed:
 1. A method for monitoring water flowing through water use devices in a plurality of individual units within a collection of geographically proximate units in a multi-unit building or complex, comprising: providing a network of sensors, each sensor associated with a single water use device within an individual unit, each sensor including a magnet in a path of water flow configured to move to an activated position when water flows through the water use device and a sensor board external to the path of water flow, wherein movement of the magnet activates a switch on the sensor board which initiates a time signature as long as the magnet remains in the activated position, the sensor board being configured to a) create a sensor time signature, b) process the sensor time signature as well as a time stamp, c) create a data packet including the sensor time signature, time stamp and identity of the water use device, and d) wirelessly transmit the data packet; wherein at least some of the water use devices are toilets and the associated toilet sensors connect to water inlets in series in water supply lines to each toilet, and each toilet sensor includes a vibration detection device coupled to sense movement of a respective toilet flush handle, wherein each toilet sensor incorporates a microcontroller which is programmed to broadcast a leaky toilet signal if water flows through the supply line without vibration detected at the toilet flush handle, and the toilet sensor further includes a shutoff valve in the water supply line to each toilet, the microcontroller further being programmed to activate the shutoff valve and shut off flow if water flows through the supply line without vibration detected at the toilet flush handle, the toilet sensor having a radio board for wirelessly transmitting and receiving and the microcontroller is configured to receive wireless instructions to de-activate the shutoff valve and open the flow; retrieving data packets from the network of sensors using a mesh within the collection of geographically proximate units comprising a plurality of repeaters each connected to a power source, and wirelessly relaying the sensor data packets using the repeaters; collecting the data packets at a central Internet gateway device located at the collection of geographically proximate units; and transmitting the data packets to an internet-based database manager having software that analyzes the data packets and determines if a water use device associated with any one data packet is malfunctioning.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least some of the sensors are battery-powered.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the software determines if any sensed duration of water flow exceeds an expected amount for one flush, and transmits a toilet malfunction signal as a consequence.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the toilet sensors each have a battery and an energy harvesting turbine that rotates when water flows through the water supply line to generate electricity which recharges the battery.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein at least some of the water use devices are selected from the group consisting of: showers, clothes washers, dishwashers, sinks, patio hoses, ice makers, and soda machines.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mesh of repeaters also receives and transmits data from sensors selected from the group consisting of: fire detectors, smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, moisture sensors for indoor flooding events, and security sensors attached to doors or windows.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the mesh of repeaters also receives and transmits data from moisture sensors mounted to walls in individual units, each moisture sensor having a probe embedded in the wall to which it is mounted.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the software determines if any sensed duration of water flow exceeds an expected amount for each water use device and transmits a malfunction signal as a consequence.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein each repeater has a circuit board, a radio transceiver, a processor and memory, and wherein the mesh of repeaters is configured to automatically heal itself in case a repeater fails by reassigning any sensors reporting to the failed repeater to another nearby repeater so that no sensor event data packet is lost.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the microcontroller of each toilet sensor is further configured to de-activate the shutoff valve and open the flow upon the vibration detection device sensing movement of a respective toilet flush handle.
 11. A method for monitoring water flowing through water use devices in a plurality of individual units within a collection of geographically proximate units in a multi-unit building or complex, comprising: providing a network of sensors, wherein some of the sensors are associated with a single water use device within an individual unit, each sensor associated with a single water use device having a sensor board configured to perform the following upon a water flow event through the water use device a) create a sensor time signature, b) create a time stamp associated with the sensor time signature, c) create a data packet including the sensor time signature, time stamp and identity of the water use device, and d) wirelessly transmit the data packet; wherein the network of sensors includes a network of moisture sensors mounted to walls in individual units, each moisture sensor having a conductive probe embedded in the wall to which it is mounted and configured to detect moisture in the wall, each moisture sensor having a master control unit (MCU), a crystal oscillator clock, and a radio board, and wherein the master control unit (MCU) is programmed to generate a leak signal via the radio board if the probe detects moisture in the wall for longer than a predetermined time frame determined by the crystal oscillator clock; wherein at least some of the water use devices are toilets and the associated toilet sensors connect to water inlets for the toilets, and wherein the toilet sensors connected to water inlets for toilets are positioned in series in water supply lines to each toilet, and each toilet sensor includes a vibration detection device coupled to sense movement of a respective toilet flush handle, wherein the toilet sensor incorporates a microcontroller which is programmed to broadcast a leaky toilet signal only if water flows through the supply line without vibration detected at the toilet flush handle; providing a mesh of repeaters within the collection of geographically proximate units each connected to a power source, including one repeater in proximity to a subset of the network of sensors, wherein the repeaters each have a circuit board, a radio transceiver, a processor and memory; retrieving data packets from the network of sensors at one or more of the repeaters, and wirelessly relaying the sensor data packets using the repeaters; collecting the data packets at a central Internet gateway device located at the collection of geographically proximate units, wherein the gateway device has a circuit board, a radio transceiver, a processor and memory; and transmitting the data packets to an internet-based database manager having software that analyzes the data packets and determines if a water use device associated with any one data packet is malfunctioning.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein at least some of the sensors are battery-powered.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the software determines if any sensed duration of water flow exceeds an expected amount for one flush, and transmits a toilet malfunction signal as a consequence.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein at least some of the water use devices are selected from the group consisting of: toilets, showers, clothes washers, dishwashers, sinks, patio hoses, ice makers, and soda machines.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the mesh of repeaters also receives and transmits data from sensors selected from the group consisting of: fire detectors, smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, moisture sensors for indoor flooding events, and security sensors attached to doors or windows.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the probe of each moisture sensor is a single flexible element.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the software determines if any sensed duration of water flow exceeds an expected amount for each water use device and transmits a malfunction signal as a consequence.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the mesh of repeaters is configured to automatically heal itself in case a repeater fails by reassigning any sensors reporting to the failed repeater to another nearby repeater so that no sensor event data packet is lost.
 19. The method of claim 11, wherein at least some of the sensors are mounted to the water use device to sense vibrations during running of the device.
 20. The method of claim 11, wherein at least some of the sensors are mounted so as to detect sounds emanating from the water use device when it is running.
 21. The method of claim 11, wherein at least some of the water use devices are electronic appliances and the associated sensors sense device run time electronically. 